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ne Guarantee cannot, in
such parts of the country as we are acquainted
with, approach to twenty shillings an acre. To
this must be added ten years' rent of the field
which we may suppose, on an average, a shilling
per acre, making, on the whole, an outlay of thirty
shillings per acre. The cost of enclosing, and the
loss of interest, are to be added to this sum. No
other expenses have been incurred during these
ten years; for the distance at which the trees are
originally planted has rendered thinning unnecessary
until that space has expired. In the spring of
the eleventh year, then, if the bark is considered as
an object, a general revising of the plantation takes
place, when, probably, one-third part of the larches
may be removed. It must be under very disadvantageous
circumstances indeed, that four hundred
larches do not, in bark and timber, repay all the
expenses of fencing by any cheap method, together
with the compound interest on the rent and the
expenses of thinning. The acre, therefore, which
has cost but thirty shillings for the larch woods,
may, at ten years old, be occupied as pasture, without
much danger to the trees, which cattle and
sheep are not known to crop. For this sum the
proprietor receives back his acre of land, with a
crop of eight hundred larch-trees, twelve years
old, which, valued but at threepence a-piece, are
worth ten pounds, but which may be more reasonably
estimated at a much greater sum, and which,
without costing the owner a farthing, but, on the
contrary, increasing his income by thinnings from
time to time, will come, in process of time, to be
worth hundreds, nay, thousands, of pounds. At
the same time, the larches have been, in a manner,
paying rent for the ground they occupy, by the
amelioration of the grass, which is uniformly so
great as to treble and quadruple what the land
was worth at the first time of planting. To all
this large profit is to be added the comfort which
the cattle experience in a well-sheltered pasture,
where they have at once shade in summer, warmth
in winter, and protection in the storm.
Yet great and important as are the advantages
attending the Athol mode of planting, we would
not willingly see it supersede the culture of the
oak, the staple commodity of this island; nor do
we believe it is permitted to do so in the country
of the noble duke himself. But it is evident, that
the greatest possible advantage is to be derived
from combining the two different systems, and
intermixing plantations to be kept entirely for
wood, and consisting chiefly of oak and larch, with
others which, consisting only of larch-trees, are to
be occupied as pasture after the tenth or twelfth
year. The beauty, as well as the productive quality,
of the region to be planted, will be increased
by blending the systems together, and uniting them
at the same time with that of copse plantations,
on which we are next about to make some remarks.
The mode of cultivating the _sylva cdua,_ or
copsewood destined to the axe, has been greatly
improved by a discovery of our author, or, at least,
a practice which he has been the first to recommend---
the propagating the oak, namely, by layering
from the double shoot of young saplings. We
will here permit this practical and sound-headed
forester to speak for himself:---
``The method of layering from the sprig of a plant is well
known to all nurserymen; but we must carry the matter a
little farther when we go to the forest. The method of layering
in forests, which is agreed on by all those who have
tried it, is of the very first and greatest advantage in filling up
blanks in a natural or coppice wood: and with this we may
commence. When the young shoots in a natural wood have
finished their second year's growth, say in the month of November
or December the second year (and here, by the way,
it may be proper to observe, that, when layering is reqired,
the stools of natural wood should not be thinned out the first
year, as is directed in the section on rearing of natural or coppice
woods,) every shoot should be allowed to grow till the
layering is performed, the second year's growth being finished
as aforesaid. If the stools have been healthy, these will have
made a push of from six to nine feet high. If there is a blank
to fill up on every side of the stool, take four of the best shots
and layer them down in different directions in the following
manner:---take the stem or shoot from the stool; give it a
slash with a knife in the under side, very near the stool or
root, to make it bend; often the shoot at this age will bend
without using the knife; give it also a slash with your knife
about one inch above the eye next the top of the shoot.
Should there be but one small shoot near the top, and that
chance to be next the ground, not to twist the leader or layer,
give the shoot a twist round the body of the layer, and bring
it upward. Make a rut in the ground about six inches long,
and of sufficient width to receive the body of the layer. Pin
the layer firmly down in the slit, below the surface of the
earth. This may be easily and readily done with a mall pin
of wood, about six inches long, with a hook upon its upper
end, to keep down the body of the layer; which pins can
easily be got from the branches of the trees in the wood. Having
pinned it firmly down below the surface of the ground, cover
over the layer with the turf from the rut; or a little fresh
earth may be put in, and press it firmly down, holding up the
end of the young shoot from the body of the layer, pressing
the ground about the root of it the same as putting in a plant
by pitting, &c., leaving also the top of the shoot or stem thus
layered down out of the ground. Thus the layering is performed;
and, in one year, if the root or stool from which the
layer is taken, be healthy, the top shoot, and the shoot to
form the tree, say the small shoot or eye from the top, will
make a push of at least two, and I have even known them
grow four feet in one season. Nor is there the smallest chance
of their misgiving. The top shoot having made a push again,
in two years, of very possibly from eight to nine feet, it can be
layered down, and led out other eight or nine feet;
thus in four years completely planting up and covering the
ground on all sides from sixteen to eighteen feet, and (supposing
you have stools or roots on the ground at a distance of
from thirty to forty feet,) in five years you can completely
plant up the whole ground without the expense of a single
plant. Nor is there the least risk of their misgiving in one
single case, if properly done; and here also you have a plantation
of plants, or we may now rather call them trees, of
from four to fourteen feet high, which, by putting inplants,
you could not have for twelve years, beside the expense
of much filling up.''---Monteath, pp. 47-50.
In another part of the same work he gives directions
for forming a new copse-wood where no old
plants exist, and his manner is well worthy the attention
of the experimental planter. He proposes
that only twenty-seven plants shall be placed in an
English acre. Each of these being cut over yearly
for five or six years, will, he reckons, produce, in
the sixth, plants fit for layering; and having gone
twice through that process, they will, in the course
of eight years, fill up the ground with shoots at the
distance of eight feet from each other, being the
distance necessary in a copse-plantation. Screens
and nurses of larch we would think highly conducive
to the perfection of these operations.